The Pet Parent's Library
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) ? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common...
What is Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease? Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) also known as...
This patient was presented for recurrent cystitis. A double contrast retrograde cystogram was...
Hematuria is a very common clinical sign and there are many causes including feline idiopathic...
Urethral blockage due to bladder stone/s is relatively common in cats and dogs. In this case, there...
Bladder stones are fairly common in pets. Sometimes they don’t show clinical signs. But when...
Acidic urine will promote calcium oxalate formationThese are examples of calcium oxalate crystals...
Urinalysis (UA) is an important diagnostic test🔬 for Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) to identify the...
Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) is a very common condition in cats😿 and dogs🐶. They usually present...
Slab fracture is one of the most common traumatic tooth fracture. The most common causes are chewing...
Do these tooth look normal? Grossly they don’t look too bad, however dental x-ray reveal major...
This cat was presented for decrease appetite and having oral pain for a week. He was grossly normal...
Pericardial sac is a fibrous sac that surround the heart for mechanical protection and provide...
This is a drop of blood under the microscope. This patient had heart worm and the arrow is pointing...
These were the paws of a cat👣. The paw on the left 🟣 was much paler than the right one 🔴 due to poor...
One of the most common cause of thrombosis in cat is heart disease...
Cross-matching is one of the test performed prior to blood transfusion to minimize transfusion...
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) 🩸 is characterized by immune system dysregulation that leads...
One of the key vital we check during clinical examination is mucous membrane (MM) colour .The MM for...
Vulvoplasty is a surgical procedure performed on female dogs to correct a recessed or hooded...
During a pregnancy ultrasound assessment, we look for foetal heart beat and heart rate.🫀Foetal heart...
Ultrasonography is an excellent tool to detect pregnancy and estimate fetal gestational age.Average...
Radiography 🩻 is an excellent tool to reveal pregnancy. Generally, calcification of fetal bone...
This patient was presented for a rapid growing large mammary mass which extended from the left...
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The retained...
One of the most common emergency surgery I perform is pyometra surgery. It is a preventable disease...
Pathophysiology + clinical signs Leptospires multiply quickly once they enter the blood stream.🩸...
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by infection with bacterial spirochetes of the genus...
Ear mite infestation is very common and highly contagious in cats and dogs. They cause ears...
An incidental splenic mass was found in this patient during an ultrasound scan. Usually these masses...
Toggle pin technique involves placing an artificial ligament (Green line) to replace the round...
FHNE involves surgical removal of the femoral head and neck and it’s considered as salvage procedure...
Surgical options should be considered for chronic hip luxation and hips that reluxate after closed...
Hip Luxation – caudoventral luxation.Treatment for caudalventral hip luxation is similar to...
.The most common cause of hip luxation is trauma and some of these patients have underlying hip...
This surgery is appropriate for young dogs (8-12months old) with dysplasia but without...
This surgery is performed on young puppies before five months of age, so it is generally done as a...
Ortolani test is the test to confirm hip dysplasia clinically. Positive Ortolani sign can be found...
Pelvic limb gait is typically abnormal in dogs with hip dysplasia and can manifest as swaying of the...
Hip dysplasia (HD) is a common developmental orthopedic disorder involving excessive hip joint...
Analogy:Pic 1 (normal joint): The rope (cranial cruciate ligament) is holding the red car 🚗 (Femur)...
The Extracapsular Lateral Suture Technique uses a synthetic, monofilament or braided polyethylene...
This test is best performed with the patient in a lateral recumbent position. One hand should hold...
This test is best performed with the patient in a lateral recumbent position. One hand should hold...
Cranial Drawer Test:This assessment evaluates the craniocaudal stability of the stifle joint...
The knee is stabilized by four main ligaments1) Medial collateral2) Lateral collateral3) Cranial...
Patellar luxation occurs when the kneecap slips out of its groove, shifting medially or laterally...