Bladder stones are fairly common in pets. Sometimes they don’t show clinical signs. But when they do, the most common presenting signs are increase urge to urinate and/or blood in the urine. Occasionally, they can cause obstruction (which is an emergency)..There are many types of stones , calcium based stone and struvite being the most […]
Acidic urine will promote calcium oxalate formationThese are examples of calcium oxalate crystals.
Crystalluria- Calcium Oxalate Read More »
Urinalysis (UA) is an important diagnostic test🔬 for Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) to identify the underlying cause. In this patient, UA revealed microscopy crystals ❄️within the urine. When these crystals start to bind together, bladder/kidney stones will form🪨..There are different types of crystals and the most commonly seen crystals are calcium oxalate and struvite. They are
Crystalluria – Struvite Read More »
Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) is a very common condition in cats😿 and dogs🐶. They usually present with bloody urine (hematuria) and frequent urination (pollakiuria). There are many reasons for cystitis including infection🦠, stones/crystals🧱 in the urine or even neoplasia. In order to determine the cause, structural evaluation and cellular evaluation should be performed. Structural evaluation usually
Bacterial cystitis Read More »
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) ? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats, affecting approximately 15% of the general cat population. It is characterized by an abnormal thickening (hypertrophy) of the left ventricular heart muscle. This thickening makes the heart chamber less flexible and less efficient at pumping blood. In most
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Read More »
What is Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease? Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) also known as endocardiosis or degenerative valvular heart disease, is a condition where the heart’s mitral valve—which separates the left chambers—begins to break down. While the exact cause remains unknown, it has a strong inherited component in certain breeds. The disease causes the valve
Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) Read More »
Analogy:Pic 1 (normal joint): The rope (cranial cruciate ligament) is holding the red car 🚗 (Femur) and preventing it from sliding down the slope⛰ (Tibia).–Pic 2 (Rupture ligament): When the rope (cranial cruciate ligament) breaks, the red car🚗 (Femur) will continuously slide down the slope ⛰ (Tibia), resulting in pain.–Pic 3 (TPLO): TPLO procedure changes
Cranial cruciate rupture – Treatment options: Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)🦵 Read More »
The Extracapsular Lateral Suture Technique uses a synthetic, monofilament or braided polyethylene material to address cranial tibial subluxation (Blue dotted line). However, these extracapsular sutures are not designed for permanent stabilization, as they eventually fail over time. The objective is for the suture to remain functional for 8-12 weeks, facilitating the development of periarticular scarring
Cranial cruciate rupture – Treatment option 1: Extracapsular repair surgery🦵 Read More »
Patellar luxation occurs when the kneecap slips out of its groove, shifting medially or laterally. The patella is embedded within the tendon that connects the quadriceps muscle to the tibial tuberosity, assisting in knee straightening. The patella shields the tendon as it glides over the end of the thigh bone.Most luxations are medial and caused
Toggle pin technique involves placing an artificial ligament (Green line) to replace the round ligament and its function. However this technique is only recommended if the patient has normal hip conformation. The hip joints gets preserved unlike salvage procedures. This procedure require more precision and more involved compare to FHNE therefore it usually costs more
Hip Luxation – Toggle Pin technique Read More »
