One of the key vital we check during clinical examination is mucous membrane (MM) colour .The MM for this kitten was very pale which is suggestive of severe anaemia 🩸 and later confirmed with blood test. She certainly felt much better and energetic after blood transfusion. 😻.Usually anaemia will accompany with other physiological changes such […]
Anaemia – blood transfusion Read More »
This patient came in with unilateral conjunctivitis and superficial corneal ulceration. However there’s more to it. This animal can’t blink 👀properly hence the secondary damage to the eye. 👁.There are 12 cranial nerves and they all have different functions including sensory function, motor function, gland secretion and many more. Facial nerve paralysis is the inability
An incidental splenic mass was found in this patient during an ultrasound scan. Usually these masses are highly vascular and can cause haemoabdomen (bleeding in the abdomen) when rupture therefore It is important to surgically treat them before it happens. Statistically, 2/3 of the splenic mass are malignant and 2/3 of these malignant masses are hemangiosarcoma. Hence a given splenic mass
Ear mite infestation is very common and highly contagious in cats and dogs. They cause ears itchiness, ears discharge and odor, scratching ears and head shaking. Lucky there are various topical and systemic therapy which are highly effective.
Slab fracture is one of the most common traumatic tooth fracture. The most common causes are chewing on hard items such as bones or really hard chew toy. When the dental pulp is exposed, then it is painful and predispose to bacterial infection. Treatment options at that point are either extraction or endodontic therapy (eg
Carnassial tooth fracture Read More »
Do these tooth look normal? Grossly they don’t look too bad, however dental x-ray reveal major pathologies. In pic 2, there’s significant lysis around the canine teeth and the diseased canine tooth canal is significantly dilated. In pic 3, the diseased canine tooth canal dilation is even more obvious when compared with the other canine
Dental Disease part 2 Read More »
This cat was presented for decrease appetite and having oral pain for a week. He was grossly normal on clinical examination so I decided to examine his teeth under general anesthesia(GA). Grossly, the teeth/gum didn’t look too bad. However the pathology was hidden below the gum and within the root/s🦷. Dental xray is essential to
Dental disease – part 1 Read More »
This patient was presented for recurrent cystitis. A double contrast retrograde cystogram was performed and the bladder diverticulum was highlighted. This can predispose patients to recurrent and/or persistent urinary tract infections due to urine stasis and incomplete emptying of urine.
Bladder Diverticulum Read More »
Hematuria is a very common clinical sign and there are many causes including feline idiopathic cystitis, bacterial cystitis, bladder stones🪨, bladder mass etc. Urinalysis and imaging🔬🩻 (X-ray and ultrasound) are essential diagnostic tools to differentiate them. Unfortunately for this patient, there is a bladder mass at the bladder trigone. Traumatic catheterization was then performed to
Transitional cell carcinoma Read More »
Urethral blockage due to bladder stone/s is relatively common in cats and dogs. In this case, there was a bladder stone found in the bladder and another stone within the urethra. Urinary catheterization was performed to push the urethral stone back into the bladder and negative contrast was used to highlight the number of stones.
Bladder/Urethral stones Read More »
