Urinalysis (UA) is an important diagnostic test🔬 for Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) to identify the underlying cause. In this patient, UA revealed microscopy crystals ❄️within the urine. When these crystals start to bind together, bladder/kidney stones will form🪨..There are different types of crystals and the most commonly seen crystals are calcium oxalate and struvite. They are […]
Crystalluria – Struvite Read More »
Bladder inflammation (Cystitis) is a very common condition in cats😿 and dogs🐶. They usually present with bloody urine (hematuria) and frequent urination (pollakiuria). There are many reasons for cystitis including infection🦠, stones/crystals🧱 in the urine or even neoplasia. In order to determine the cause, structural evaluation and cellular evaluation should be performed. Structural evaluation usually
Bacterial cystitis Read More »
Pitting edema is a condition characterized by swelling in body tissues that retains an indentation (“pit”) after pressure is applied. It occurs due to fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces and is often a sign of an underlying medical issue.
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) ? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats, affecting approximately 15% of the general cat population. It is characterized by an abnormal thickening (hypertrophy) of the left ventricular heart muscle. This thickening makes the heart chamber less flexible and less efficient at pumping blood. In most
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Read More »
What is Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease? Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) also known as endocardiosis or degenerative valvular heart disease, is a condition where the heart’s mitral valve—which separates the left chambers—begins to break down. While the exact cause remains unknown, it has a strong inherited component in certain breeds. The disease causes the valve
Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) Read More »
Analogy:Pic 1 (normal joint): The rope (cranial cruciate ligament) is holding the red car 🚗 (Femur) and preventing it from sliding down the slope⛰ (Tibia).–Pic 2 (Rupture ligament): When the rope (cranial cruciate ligament) breaks, the red car🚗 (Femur) will continuously slide down the slope ⛰ (Tibia), resulting in pain.–Pic 3 (TPLO): TPLO procedure changes
Cranial cruciate rupture – Treatment options: Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)🦵 Read More »
The Extracapsular Lateral Suture Technique uses a synthetic, monofilament or braided polyethylene material to address cranial tibial subluxation (Blue dotted line). However, these extracapsular sutures are not designed for permanent stabilization, as they eventually fail over time. The objective is for the suture to remain functional for 8-12 weeks, facilitating the development of periarticular scarring
Cranial cruciate rupture – Treatment option 1: Extracapsular repair surgery🦵 Read More »
This test is best performed with the patient in a lateral recumbent position. One hand should hold the distal femur, with the index finger placed over the tibial crest, while the other hand flexes the hock..Please refer to Part 1 for cranial tibial thrust.—
Tibial Compression Test 🦵 Read More »
This test is best performed with the patient in a lateral recumbent position. One hand should hold the distal femur, while the other holds the proximal tibia..Please refer to Part 1 for positive cranial drawer test result.
Cranial Drawer Test 🦵 Read More »
Cranial Drawer Test:This assessment evaluates the craniocaudal stability of the stifle joint. Although a negative result does not exclude cranial cruciate ligament disease, a positive drawer test is highly indicative of cranial cruciate ligament rupture.(Abnormal movement of tibial = Red Arrow).Tibial Compression Test:This assessment evaluates stability of the tibia relative to the femur. Instability on
Cranial cruciate rupture – Test 🦵 Read More »
