Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The retained testicle/s may be located subcutaneously, in the inguinal canal or in the abdomen. It is also possible to have absence of testicle/s (monorchism and anorchidism). If the retained testicle is in the abdomen, it will not contain sperm since […]
One of the most common emergency surgery I perform is pyometra surgery. It is a preventable disease by desexing. Any entire female dog/cat are at risk. This is caused by an overwhelming infection in the uterus. The bacteria will then enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis and organ failure.🦠 The clinical signs are excessive discharge
Pericardial sac is a fibrous sac that surround the heart for mechanical protection and provide lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures. Abnormal buildup of fluid within the sac (Pericardial effusion) will restrict the ability for the heart to pump blood. When the pressure within the pericardial sac exceed the pressure
Pericardial effusion ❤🩸 Read More »
This is a drop of blood under the microscope. This patient had heart worm and the arrow is pointing to a heart worm larvae (baby heart worm). Heart worm life-cycle:♻️Heart worm is transmitted by mosquito🦟. When a mosquito bites a heartworm infected dog, it ingested the larvae. The larvae then develops into infective stage within
These were the paws of a cat👣. The paw on the left 🟣 was much paler than the right one 🔴 due to poor perfusion. When there’s localized poor perfusion, arterial obstruction is highly suspected. The most common cause is thrombus (blood clot) lodged within the aorta. These patients usually presented with hind limbs weakness/paralysis
Feline Aortic ThromboEmbolism (FATE) Read More »
One of the most common cause of thrombosis in cat is heart disease.
Echocardiogram – thrombosis (blood clot) Read More »
Cross-matching is one of the test performed prior to blood transfusion to minimize transfusion reaction. Major cross-match and minor cross-match are usually performed.🩸.-Major cross-match = Mixing a drop of donor red blood cells and patient plasma/serum-Minor cross-match = Mixing a drop of donor plasma/serum and patient red blood cells.If the blood product isn’t compatible then
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) 🩸 is characterized by immune system dysregulation that leads to destruction of the red blood cells (RBC). IMHA is either primary or secondary to another disorder..Saline agglutination test (SAT) is a very easy test to perform and require minimal equipment 💉. A positive result indicates autoagglutination (Clumping) of the red blood
IMHA Part 1 – Saline agglutination test Read More »
One of the key vital we check during clinical examination is mucous membrane (MM) colour .The MM for this kitten was very pale which is suggestive of severe anaemia 🩸 and later confirmed with blood test. She certainly felt much better and energetic after blood transfusion. 😻.Usually anaemia will accompany with other physiological changes such
Anaemia – blood transfusion Read More »
This patient came in with unilateral conjunctivitis and superficial corneal ulceration. However there’s more to it. This animal can’t blink 👀properly hence the secondary damage to the eye. 👁.There are 12 cranial nerves and they all have different functions including sensory function, motor function, gland secretion and many more. Facial nerve paralysis is the inability
